Misc. Pub. 99-6

Sausages, one of the oldest forms of processed food, are a means of using and preserving animal trimmings. The hot dog is a specialized sausage. It originated in Germany where it was named “dachshund” sausage because it looked like the popular badger (dachs) hound (hund). The U.S. hot dog originated at the Polo Grounds in New York. Vendors hawked dachshund sausages in buns while a sports cartoonist sketched a barking dachshund nestled warmly in a bun. He labeled the cartoon “hot dog”. Today the hot dog enjoys popularity throughout the world

The Application of Farm Programs to Commercial Fisheries: The Case of Crop Insurance for the Bristol Bay Commercial Salmon Fisheries

Under the direction of the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000, the U.S. Congress proposed a crop insurance program for the Bristol Bay, Alaska, commercial salmon fishery. This study examines the feasibility of extending crop insurance to this commercial fishery. The specific focus of this analysis is on differences between this commercial capture fishery and agricultural enterprises in the context of property rights and producer control. Findings show that differences between this commercial fishery and agricultural enterprises would require substantial modifications to existing crop insurance programs. Furthermore, it is recommended that the consideration of extending crop insurance be delayed until this fishery is rationalized.Bristol Bay, commercial fisheries, crop insurance, farm programs, property rights, risk management, salmon, Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty,

Experimental and finite element analyses of multifunctional skins for morphing wing applications

As a consequence of operational efficiency because of rising energy costs, future transport systems need to be mission-adaptive. Especially in aircraft design the limits of lightweight construction, reduced aerodynamic drag and optimized propulsion are pushed further and further. The first two aspects can be addressed by using a morphing leading edge. Great economic advantages can be expected as a result of gapless surfaces which feature longer areas of laminar flow. Instead of focusing on the kinematics, which are already published in a great number of varieties, this paper emphasizes as major challenge, the qualification of a multi-material layup which meets the compromise of needed stiffness, flexibility and essential functions to match the flight worthiness requirements, such as erosion shielding, impact safety, lighting protection and de-icing. It is the aim to develop an gapless leading edge device and to prepare the path for higher technology readiness levels resulting in an airborne application. During several national and European projects the DLR developed a gapless smart droop nose concept, which functionality was successfully demonstrated using a two-dimensional 5 m in span prototype in low speed (up to 50 m/s) wind tunnel tests. The basic structure is made of commercially available and certified glass-fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP, Hexcel Hexply 913). This paper presents 4-point bending tests to characterize the composite with its integrated functions. The integrity and aging/fatigue issues of different material combinations are analyzed by experiments. It can be demonstrated that only by adding functional layers the mentioned requirements such as erosion-shielding or de-icing can be satisfied. The total thickness of the composite skin increases by more than 100 % when required functions are integrated as additional layers. This fact has a tremendous impact on the maximum strain of the outer surface if it features a complete monolithic build-up. Based on experimental results a numerical model can be set up for further structural optimizaton of the multi-functional laminate. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

Forschungsbericht zur Untersuchung "Primorsko 75"

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Analyse der Teilnahme von Jugendlichen aus der DDR an der Jugendauslandstouristik. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht das Forschungsvorhaben "Primorsko 75", das vom Zentralinstitut für Jugendforschung Leipzig unter Beteiligung des Zentrums für Jugendforschung beim ZK des Dimitroff-Komsomol der VR Bulgarien in Sofia durchgeführt wurde. Es wurden 370 Teilnehmer von 15 Reisegruppen zu dem "sozialistisch-internationalistischen Denken und Verhalten der Jugendauslandstouristik" befragt, um die "Verbundenheit zwischen Mitgliedern der FDJ und des Dimitroff-Komsomol sowie der Jugendlichen aus anderen sozialistischen Ländern und ihrer Jugendverbände" zu eruieren. Hierzu wurde die ideologische Einstellung der Jugendlichen, ihre Vorbereitung auf den Aufenthalt im Internationalen Jugendzentrum Primorsko, ihre Erwartungen, die an den Aufenthalt gestellt wurden, untersucht. Desweiteren wurden Umstände des Aufenthalts beurteilt, Kenntnisse über Bulgarien hinterfragt sowie personale, sozial-demographische Daten erstellt. Die Untersuchung hat ergeben, daß die ideologischen Grundeinstellungen der Jugendlichen sich durch die Erlebnisse und Eindrücke ihres Urlaubsaufenthaltes kaum oder gar nicht verändert haben. Der Aufenthalt in dem Internationalen Jugendzentrum "hat noch nicht die entsprechenden Wirkungen hinsichtlich einer weiteren deutlichen Ausprägung der politischen Erkenntnisse und Einstellungen gehabt", da die politischen Ziele für die meisten Teilnehmer nicht erkennbar waren. Statistiken belegen die Ergebnisse. Es wird erwogen, daß die Vergabe solcher Reisen "künftig durch das Jugendreisebüro in engster Zusammenarbeit mit den zuständigen Leitungen des Jugendverbandes auf der Grundlage der entsprechenden Beschlüsse des Zentralrats der FDJ erfolgen" soll und daß die Jugendlichen besser auf ihre Reise vorbereitet werden. (psz

Freizeitinteressen und Freizeitverhalten von Lehrlingen: Expertise

Die Studie hat das Ziel, dem Zentralinstitut für Berufsbildung zusammengefaßte und verallgemeinerte Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse aus Untersuchungen des Zentralinstituts für Jugendforschung zu Freizeitinteressen und Freizeitverhalten von Lehrlingen zu vermitteln. Anhand der Bedürfnisse, Interessen, Verhaltensinhalten, materiellen und ideellen Bedingungen und Beziehungen und ihrer Zusammenhänge werden die Freizeitinteressen Jugendlicher erläutert. Verschiedene Einstellungen zur Freizeit werden festgestellt. Struktur, Umfang und Inhalt der Freizeit-Zeitbudgets der Jugendlichen werden dargestellt. Einzelne Bereiche des Freizeitverhaltens der Lehrlinge werden näher untersucht: Weiterbildung, gesellschaftspolitische Tätigkeiten; kulturell-künstlerische Tätigkeiten; sportliche Tätigkeiten. Es werden Freizeitpartner und Freizeitgruppen beschrieben. Einige Bedingungen und Möglichkeiten der Freizeitgestaltung werden aufgezeigt. Die Untersuchungen zu den Freizeitinteressen und zum Freizeitverhalten von Lehrlingen machen deutlich, daß Einfluß und Wirksamkeit des sozialistischen Jugendverbandes in diesem Lebensbereich der Arbeiterjugend noch wesentlich verstärkt werden müssen. (ICA

Die Herausbildung der sozialistischen Lebensweise bei Schülern in der Freizeit und ihr Einfluß auf die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung

In der Studie geht es um die Ermittlung wesentlicher Inhalte und Bedingungen der Herausbildung der sozialistischen Lebensweise Jugendlicher in der Freizeit und in der Bestimmung ihres Einflusses auf die sozialistische Persönlichkeitsentwicklung Jugendlicher. Dazu werden Schüler der 9. und 10. Klassen der POS befragt. Nach einigen Angaben zur Untersuchungspopulation und zur Methodik der Studie werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen (1) Bedürfnissen, Interessen, Motiven, Einstellungen, (2) Tätigkeiten und Realverhalten und (3) den objektiven Bedingungen hinsichtlich einiger wesentlicher Elemente der Entwicklung der sozialistischen Lebensweise Jugendlicher in der Freizeit analysiert. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Aussagen darüber erhalten, (1) welche materiellen und ideellen Bedingungen an der Erzeugung und Verwirklichung von Freizeitinteressen Jugendlicher in welchem Maße beteiligt sind, (2) wie Inhalte und Ausprägungen von Interessen und Realverhalten im Zusammenhang mit Persönlichkeitsentwicklung und Lebensweise gesellschaftstheoretisch und gesellschaftspolitisch beurteilt werden können, (3) welcher Grad an Übereinstimmung zwischen (objektiven) gesellschaftlichen Notwendigkeiten und Möglichkeiten, Voraussetzungen und Zielen einerseits und (subjektiven) individuellen Interessen und Tätigkeiten Jugendlicher in der Freizeit andererseits erkennbar ist. (ICA

Freizeit und Freizeitnutzung junger Arbeiter und Schüler in der Wartburgstadt Eisenach: Expertise zum Forschungsbericht "Die Herausbildung der sozialistischen Lebensweise Jungendlicher in der Freizeit und ihr Einfluß auf die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung"

In der Absicht, die überwiegend ausgeübten Freizeittätigkeiten der Eisenacher Jugendlichen sowie die subjektiven und objektiven Bedingungen ihres Freizeitverhaltens darzustellen, werden folgende Untersuchungsschwerpunkte thematisiert: (1) Tendenzen der staatlichen Jugendpolitik; (2) Einstellung zur Freizeit; (3) Freizeitumfang und -interessen; (4) Zufriedenheit der Jugendlichen mit dem Freizeitangebot. Hierzu erfolgte eine Befragung von ca. 250 Schülern und 400 jungen Arbeitnehmern der Stadt Eisenach. Außerdem wurden Zeitbudgetuntersuchungen und Veranstaltungs- und Programmanalysen durchgeführt. "Die Untersuchungsergebnisse bestätigen das erfolgreiche Bemühen der staatlichen und gesellschaftlichen Kräfte in der Wartburgstadt Eisenach, einen immer stärkeren Einfluß auf die Entwicklung der sozialistischen Lebensweise der Jugend in der Freizeit zu nehmen." (psz

Understanding older patients' willingness to have medications deprescribed in primary care: a protocol for a cross-sectional survey study in nine European countries.

INTRODUCTION To reduce inappropriate polypharmacy, deprescribing should be part of patients' regular care. Yet deprescribing is difficult to implement, as shown in several studies. Understanding patients' attitudes towards deprescribing at the individual and country level may reveal effective ways to involve older adults in decisions about medications and help to implement deprescribing in primary care settings. In this study we aim to investigate older adults' perceptions and views on deprescribing in different European countries. Specific objectives are to investigate the patients' willingness to have medications deprescribed by medication type and to have herbal or dietary supplements reduced or stopped, the role of the Patient Typology (on medication perspectives), and the impact of the patient-GP relationship in these decisions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This cross-sectional survey study has two parts: Part A and Part B. Data collection for Part A will take place in nine countries, in which per country 10 GPs will recruit 10 older patients (≥65 years old) each (n = 900). Part B will be conducted in Switzerland only, in which an additional 35 GPs will recruit five patients each and respond to a questionnaire themselves, with questions about the patients' medications, their willingness to deprescribe those, and their patient-provider relationship. For both Part A and part B, a questionnaire will be used to assess the willingness of older patients with polypharmacy to have medications deprescribed and other relevant information. For Part B, this same questionnaire will have additional questions on the use of herbal and dietary supplements. DISCUSSION The international study design will allow comparisons of patient perspectives on deprescribing from different countries. We will collect information about willingness to have medications deprescribed by medication type and regarding herbal and dietary supplements, which adds important information to the literature on patients' preferences. In addition, GPs in Switzerland will also be surveyed, allowing us to compare GPs' and patients' views and preferences on stopping or reducing specific medications. Our findings will help to understand patients' attitudes towards deprescribing, contributing to improvements in the design and implementation of deprescribing interventions that are better tailored to patients' preferences

The Origin of T Tauri X-ray Emission: New Insights from the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project

We use the data of the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project (COUP) to study the nearly 600 X-ray sources that can be reliably identified with optically well characterized T Tauri stars (TTS) in the Orion Nebula Cluster. We detect X-ray emission from more than 97% of the optically visible late-type (spectral types F to M) cluster stars. This proofs that there is no ``X-ray quiet'' population of late-type stars with suppressed magnetic activity. All TTS with known rotation periods lie in the saturated or super-saturated regime of the relation between activity and Rossby numbers seen for main-sequence (MS) stars, but the TTS show a much larger scatter in X-ray activity than seen for the MS stars. Strong near-linear relations between X-ray luminosities, bolometric luminosities and mass are present. We also find that the fractional X-ray luminosity rises slowly with mass over the 0.1 - 2 M_sun range. The plasma temperatures determined from the X-ray spectra of the TTS are much hotter than in MS stars, but seem to follow a general solar-stellar correlation between plasma temperature and activity level. The large scatter about the relations between X-ray activity and stellar parameters seems to be related to the influence of accretion on the X-ray emission. While the X-ray activity of the non-accreting TTS is consistent with that of rapidly rotating MS stars, the accreting stars are less X-ray active (by a factor of ~2-3 on average) and produce much less well defined correlations than the non-accretors. We discuss possible reasons for the suppression of X-ray emission by accretion and the implications of our findings on long-standing questions related to the origin of the X-ray emission from young stars.Comment: accepted for ApJS, COUP Special Issu

Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common type of chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis. Obeticholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, has been shown to improve the histological features of NASH. Here we report results from a planned interim analysis of an ongoing, phase 3 study of obeticholic acid for NASH. Methods In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adult patients with definite NASH,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score of at least 4, and fibrosis stages F2–F3, or F1 with at least oneaccompanying comorbidity, were randomly assigned using an interactive web response system in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive oral placebo, obeticholic acid 10 mg, or obeticholic acid 25 mg daily. Patients were excluded if cirrhosis, other chronic liver disease, elevated alcohol consumption, or confounding conditions were present. The primary endpointsfor the month-18 interim analysis were fibrosis improvement (≥1 stage) with no worsening of NASH, or NASH resolution with no worsening of fibrosis, with the study considered successful if either primary endpoint was met. Primary analyses were done by intention to treat, in patients with fibrosis stage F2–F3 who received at least one dose of treatment and reached, or would have reached, the month 18 visit by the prespecified interim analysis cutoff date. The study also evaluated other histological and biochemical markers of NASH and fibrosis, and safety. This study is ongoing, and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02548351, and EudraCT, 20150-025601-6. Findings Between Dec 9, 2015, and Oct 26, 2018, 1968 patients with stage F1–F3 fibrosis were enrolled and received at least one dose of study treatment; 931 patients with stage F2–F3 fibrosis were included in the primary analysis (311 in the placebo group, 312 in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 308 in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). The fibrosis improvement endpoint was achieved by 37 (12%) patients in the placebo group, 55 (18%) in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group (p=0·045), and 71 (23%) in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group (p=0·0002). The NASH resolution endpoint was not met (25 [8%] patients in the placebo group, 35 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group [p=0·18], and 36 [12%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group [p=0·13]). In the safety population (1968 patients with fibrosis stages F1–F3), the most common adverse event was pruritus (123 [19%] in the placebo group, 183 [28%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 336 [51%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group); incidence was generally mild to moderate in severity. The overall safety profile was similar to that in previous studies, and incidence of serious adverse events was similar across treatment groups (75 [11%] patients in the placebo group, 72 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 93 [14%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). Interpretation Obeticholic acid 25 mg significantly improved fibrosis and key components of NASH disease activity among patients with NASH. The results from this planned interim analysis show clinically significant histological improvement that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. This study is ongoing to assess clinical outcomes